Silicareinforced natural rubber tire compounds with safe compounding ingredients dissertation to obtain the degree of doctor at the university of twente, on the authority of the rector magnificus, prof. Us6171517b1 us08192,220 us19222094a us6171517b1 us 6171517 b1 us6171517 b1 us 6171517b1 us 19222094 a us19222094 a us 19222094a us 6171517 b1 us6171517 b1 us 6171517b1 authority us united states prior art keywords anhydride sulfur rubber formulation ex prior art date 19940203 legal status the legal status is an assumption and is not a legal. Processing additives processing additive is a compounding ingredient which improves the processability of a rubber compound. More than half of all rubber produced goes into automobile tires. The elastic properties are produced by mix raw rubber latex with specific additives during rubber compounding. Compounding it is the science of selecting and combining polymers and additives to obtain physical and chemical properties for a finished products. Incompatibility will result in bleeding in the final product or poor processing characteristics or both.
Rejitha rajan, siby varghese, meera balachandran, and k. Effect of stearic acid level on the physical properties of. They are available, to name a few, in the forms of lubricant, dispersing agent, wetting agent, plasticizer, blowing agent, factice, softener, tackifying agent etc. An overview by chris ryan, chemspec technical sales manager. Reclaimed rubber is a rubber compounding ingredient. A typical rubber formation based on parts per hundred is. We can give you the price over the phone, help you with the purchase process, and answer any questions. Us6171517b1 rubber compounding formulation and method. Discussion the formulation recipe for the seven variations of stearic acid levels is presented in table 1, while table 2 shows the mixing schedule adopted. In designing or making the selection of ingredients for use in a rubber article, the technologist. The identification of rubber compounding ingredients by. Rubber compounding ingredients rubber compounds and. Rubber compounding an overview sciencedirect topics.
Must be compatible with rubber and other compounding ingredients. Test product sample against performance specification. With the mobile phases used in this study, a better separation of antioxidants is possible using silica gel absorbent. Although batch processes for rubber compounding are well established, there is a trend to move to continuous compounding. Pdf compounding and processing of rubberrubber blends. Compound it is a homogenous mixture of ingredients used in a particular product manufacture such that the. Sometimes, there is a misconception that a rubber compound is one ingredient and is the same for every different polymer type. Not only can we improve an elastomers physical strengths by compounding other ingredients into the mixture of elastomer and sulfur, but also we can improve other characteristics and even create some that do not naturally occur. Organic accelerators and vulcanizing agents from sai global. They are elastomer as a major component, curatives for crosslink formation, antidegradants for protection, fillers for reinforcement and cost dilution and processing additives for ease of processing. Rubber is composed of many different ingredients that include the base elastomer, vulcanization agents, fillers and plasticizers. Ingredients phr hnbr 100 metal oxides 0 5 antidegradents 1.
Optimised performance in this context refers not only to mechanical properties but also, for example, resistance to bacteria or particular chemicals. They are available, to name a few, in the forms of lubricant, dispersing agent, wetting agent, plasticizer, blowing agent, factice, softener, tackifying agent. It is expected that modifications may be necessary to produce satisfactory commercial products. Palstra, on account of the decision of the graduation committee, to be publicly defended on wednesday, december 12th, 2018 at 10. The balance of the crosslinking density and type of bonds is therefore very important.
A number of ingredients are added to both natural and synthetic rubber in order to obtain certain desirable properties. A compounding service providers chemists and technicians have to ask the right questions. The list of ingredients in phr parts per hundred rubber called rubber compound recipe. All ingredients are weighed with high accuracy according to a formula and then mixed together. Activators, accelerators, ingredients and fillers return to educational switchboard accelerator activators inorganic compounds mainly metal oxideszinc oxide, hydrated lime organic acids normally in combination with metal oxides stearic, oleic alkaline substances will increase ph of rubber usually increases cure rate age resistors antidegredants all rubbers. A rubber compound could be a combination of 3 to 15 different ingredients of thousands of different compositions and vendors. Polymer 100 phr filler 30 60 phr antioxidant 1 3 phr antiozonants 1 3 phr oil 5 30 phr cure 5 10 phr because of all the combinations, not all compounds. Jan 09, 2001 the term compounding when used in combination with an elastomeric such as rubber shall mean the mixing of various ingredients, possibly including heating, but without the application of pressure. Lower density, however, causes the rubber compound to creep heavily during usage, as mentioned above. The term curing of an elastomeric usually rubber compound formulation includes the application of heat and pressure over time. Reactive wetting agent for highly filled rubber compounds. For example, the addition of fillers can reinforce or modify properties, or additional plasticizer can increase elongation and lower durometer.
Rubber compoundingformulation of rubber compounds dr jakub kadlcak manager material development automotive dr matthias soddemann head of material development automotive rieg conference, 7th and 8th december 2016, london, uk. Jan 23, 2017 ingredients in rubber compound is a large group of components, including curing agents, accelerators and vulcanization activators, antioxidants, plasticizers, fillers and special additives blowing agents, dyes, etc. Many of the rubber manufacturing facilities in the united states produce pneumatic tires for automobile, trucks, airplanes and farm machinery. Tlc is a quick, easy method to the identification of rubber compounding ingredients. Pdf rubber additives compounding ingredients emil lopez. Both silica gel absorbent and c18 absorbent are suitable for these identifications. Understanding and selecting performance additives for. The objectives of rubber compounding may be essentially defined as providing optimised performance and processability, generally at minimum cost, by the incorporation of non rubber ingredients. Rubber compounding the concentrated latex is first blended with the various. Rubber compounding is the complex technology of selecting and blending the optimum combination of elastomer and other ingredients that meet the performance, processing, environmental, and cost requirements for rubber goods made and used in commerce. There is a wide variety of elastomers and ingredients that are available in making rubber goods, which include all of the following types of. The term compounding when used in combination with an elastomeric such as rubber shall mean the mixing of various ingredients, possibly including heating, but without the application of pressure.
Understanding and selecting performance additives for rubber. Ingredients in rubber compound is a large group of components, including curing agents, accelerators and vulcanization activators, antioxidants, plasticizers, fillers and special additives blowing agents, dyes, etc. Rubbers, just like any other chemical compounds, can participate in other. The objective of this work, therefore, is to critically. Compound it is a homogenous mixture of ingredients used in a particular product manufacture such that the properties of most of the ingredients are unchanged in the final product whereby. Elastomer is the key ingredient and thus always at the top of the formulation list. Typical for plasticizers to act a dual purpose ingredients, increase elongation, reduce hardness, improve tack. Through compounding improvements in strength can be achieved in a number of ways. The chemicals materials dispersion and prepared by grinding them together with the dispersing in water. By convention, mix formulations begin with the amount of the designated elastomerfor instance, natural rubber nr, butadiene rubber br, or styrenebutadiene rubber sbrgiven as 100 parts by weight. Additives are not needed when they dont bring value or provide clear benefits. Rubber compounding formulation and method uniroyal chemical. Rheology modifier for lubricants, oils, and asphalt systems. Rubber, elastic substance obtained from the exudations of certain tropical plants natural rubber or derived from petroleum and natural gas synthetic rubber.
Rubber compounding formulation of rubber compounds iom3. Most of the rubber products can also contain reinforcing. Because of its elasticity, resilience, and toughness, rubber is the basic constituent of the tires used in automotive vehicles, aircraft, and bicycles. General compounding the basics of choosing the polymer and cure system and compounding those systems with the proper acid acceptors and fillers to fulfill the rheological, physical and processing requirements are, in general, relatively simple. The identification of rubber compounding ingredients by using. However, many rubber manufacturing facilities produce other engineered rubber products. These are starting point rubber compounding formulations for providing guide lines only and should be confirmed by laboratory trials.
These are starting point rubber compounding formulations for providing guide. Even natural rubber can have its very good physical traits enhanced by putting in other ingredients in the mixture. Blooming is a diffusion process whereby compounding ingredients dispersed in rubber matrix migrate to the rubber surface and appears as a layer of white crystalline material. Rubber, hot melt adhesives zinc oxide rubber, adhesives, coatings performance products quickreference chart.
The rubber reclaiming industry is a specialized industry that resembles its parent industry in development and growth. Various types of processing additives are available for various functions. If a rubber formula uses parts per hundred rubber phr ingredients added dilute the polymer resulting linear. However, as this white paper will illustrate, the least expensive raw material doesnt always. Effect of stearic acid level on abrasion resistance. In the mixer all the ingredients are well distributed and dispersed. There are five 5 major categories of compounding ingredients. Plant chemists may not know whats available for mixing operations without outside assistance.
Rubber compounding is the complex, multidisiplinary science of selecting and blending the optimum combination of elastomer and other ingredients that meet the performance, processing, environmental, and cost requirements for rubber goods made and used in commerce. If only a small amount of dry ingredients is to be incorporated, it should be mixed with part of the rubber to form a master batch. This document specifies sampling and test methods for the determination of the general characteristics of organic chemicals such as accelerators, antidegradants including wax and vulcanizing agents excluding. Rubber compounding the concentrated latex is first blended with the various additives as required for different applications. Rubber compounding formulation and method uniroyal.
Most of the rubber products can also contain reinforcing materials fibers, filaments. Rubber compounding is the complex technology of selecting and blending the optimum combination of elastomer and other ingredients that meet the performance, processing, environmental, and cost. Pdf blending of polymers and specifically elastomers is carried out. Blooming is a typical phenomenon observed in rubber compounds which could lead to problems such as discoloration and poor appearance of products as well as loss of adhesion. Evaluate processability of compound in the factory. The objectives of rubber compounding may be essentially defined as providing optimised performance and processability, generally at minimum cost, by the incorporation of nonrubber ingredients. Rubber compounding is one of, if not the most difficult and complex subjects to master in the field of rubber technology. Apr 05, 2017 compounding it is the science of selecting and combining polymers and additives to obtain physical and chemical properties for a finished products. Compounding factors, environmental influences and lifetime prediction using time temperature superposition gs crutchley lead consultant smithers rapra j manley principal consultant smithers rapra manchester polymer group rubber seminar, 16thmay 2018.
For chloroprene rubber a curing system based on metal oxides znomgo and na22 ethylene thiourea is used. Compounding factors increasing endurance a key factor affecting rubber durability is intrinsic compound strength. Rubber compounds for in ubber compounds for industrial. Jul 20, 20 compounding ingredients 01 there are five 5 major categories of compounding ingredients. One of the essentials ingredients for a rubber compound besides the above is an antioxidant. The chemicals materials used in latex compounding can be divided into three general classifications. Reactive plasticizer processing aid for rubber compounding. Typical levels for the relevant properties of sulfur for use as a rubber compounding ingredient are given in an annex. Jul 20, 20 processing additive is a compounding ingredient which improves the processability of a rubber compound. Studies on new processing aids and other compounding. Scrap rubber, unlike scrap steel, undergoes a special process before it can be reused and the rubber that is obtained at the end of this process is known as reclaimed rubber. The reasons for this trend are increasing narrow quality requirements, significantly simplified and automated processes resulting in lower manpower necessary and the possibility to achieve unprecedented degree of dispersion. Binder for grinding wheels, brake pads and other highlyfilled, wearresistant products. Effect of stearic acid level on the physical properties of natural rubber vulcanisate.